Spain & Portugal fact-checking brief – Q1 December-February 2025

by Aurken Sierra & Ramón SalaverríaUniversidad de NavarraNovember 1, 2026 Executive Summary Ahead of the General Elections in Spain on November 29, 2026, the IBERIFIER observatory is activating its monitoring protocol to analyze risks affecting public...

Ahead of the pre-electoral period for the general election on November 29, 2026, IBERIFIER observatory is activating its monitoring protocol to analyze risks affecting public debate. Spain enters this electoral process with public trust in news at 33%, while 74% of the population expresses concern about distinguishing true from false information online (Digital News Report 2026). This preliminary report synthesizes quantitative data from 8,086 fact-checks published between 2023 and 2026 by five organizations in the IBERIFIER Plus repository (EFE Verifica, Infoveritas, Maldita.es, Newtral, and Verificat). The document details key risk vectors: Foreign Information Manipulation and Interference (FIMI) operations using Spanish as a cross-border vector, generative AI, algorithmic bias (LLM grooming), news outlet impersonation (Doppelgänger), and opacity in private messaging channels. It also outlines responses under the Digital Services Act (DSA) and the hub's integration into the Rapid Response System (RRS, Measure 37.2 of the EU Code of Practice on Disinformation), active for these elections from November 1 to December 6, 2026.

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Iberifier Plus-Report-Final-2024-2026Download

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