Glossary of disinformation: Do you know what “butterfly attack” or “factoid” means?

Ramón Salaverría, coordinator of IBERIFIER, is part of the team of authors that compiled a glossary of 125 terms related to disinformation. This work clarifies the meaning of terms such “butterfly attack”, “astroturfing”, and “factoid”.

The complete work can be read here. The platform of independent journalism “The Conversation” also covered the topic and highlighted 11 key terms.

The proposal for this chapter came about as a result of a working group associated with the Conference of Rectors of Spanish Universities (CRUE), whose purpose is to link the activities of universities and research centres with an understanding of the search for solutions to the phenomenon of disinformation. The work was coordinated by Sergio Arce Garcia, a professor at the International University of Rioja.

Butterfly attacks occur when imposters mimic the patterns of behavior of a social group (usually a group that has to fight for representation). Imposters pretend to be part of the group in order to insert divisive rhetoric and disinformation into popular online conversation or within the information networks used by these groups.

Astroturfing is a communication strategy that relies on a large number of users acting in coordination to spread disinformation.

Factoid refers to popular belief with no basis in fact. A false, inaccurate or trivial assertion or piece of information that becomes a supposedly incontrovertible fact through repetition in multiple sources.

Otros artículos

AI is transforming the media ecosystem.Online course explores new challenges for journalism and media literacy

How is the media ecosystem changing in the age of Artificial Intelligence? What impact are these transformations having on the way information is produced, disseminated and shared? And what new challenges do they pose...

New season of “O Segredo do Algoritmo” (The Algorithm’s Secret), the RTP programme analysing social media systems

“O Segredo do Algoritmo”, broadcast on the RTP Notícias channel, returns with a new season this Saturday, 5 September, at 7.30 pm. The programme aims to explain and decode how the most popular content...

Ceuta crisis: Disinformation and social media can trigger large-scale movements of people

In a programme broadcast by SIC Notícias on 4 August 2026, José Moreno, a researcher at MediaLab and IBERIFIER, and Paulo Baldaia, a journalist and SIC commentator, analysed the role of social media and...

Mozambican journalists strengthen skills to tackle the challenges of digital information

The Introduction to Digital Journalism course, focused on the challenges and opportunities created by the digital transformation of journalism, concluded on 24 July in Maputo, Mozambique. The training addressed the growing importance of digital...

Fact-checking report: Immigration is the main disinformation topic in Spain and Portugal

Immigration was the most prominent disinformation topic identified in Spain and Portugal between March and May 2026. The finding comes from IBERIFIER’s quarterly report, which brings together the main false claims and disinformation narratives...